Possible Challenges Post One Year of ESC/EAS Guidelines

This review article summarizes the new evidence from clinical trials since ESC/EAS 2019 guideline release and outlines following points that should be considered during the development of next guidelines, and the possible challenges for the development of future guidelines (what’s missing).

LIFETIME RISK

• Based on SCORE CV risk charts:
  • Older individuals have the highest CV risk
  • Though younger people may present a low 10-year risk, they might be at higher lifetime risk, due to a longer exposure time
  • Definitions based on genetics and cholesterol burden might help to mitigate this problem by allowing calculation of a lifetime risk regardless of age, linking the CV benefit only to the reduction of LDL-C*

HDL AND CV DISEASE

• Increasing HDL-C plasma levels would not be the correct way to achieve a benefit if this is not paralleled by an increase in the quality and functionality of HDL^†

EVALUATION OF NON-HDL-C AND apoB LEVELS

• Should non-HDL-C and apoB levels be evaluated in all individuals?
• Non-HDL-C and apoB levels are associated with CV risk ApoB marker provides exactly the number of atherogenic particles, which offers more accurate estimate of the total concentration of atherogenic particles
• Though younger people may present a low 10-year risk, they might be at higher lifetime risk, due to a longer exposure time
• Non-HDL-C and apoB levels may be more appropriate for risk evaluation among patients having diabetes or hypertriglyceridemia, who may have LDL-C levels in the range of normality

Lp(a)

• Independent of LDL-C levels, elevated levels of Lp(a) represent a risk factor for CV disease
• To obtain the same benefit seen with 1 mmol/L reduction in LDL-C (~ x223C 40 mg/dL), it is necessary to reduce Lp(a) by 70–90 mg/dL^‡

GOALS VS %x0025 REDUCTION

• New vs previous guidelines: More intensive reduction in LDL-C levels (LDL-C reduction of ≥50% from baseline and an LDL-C goal of <1.4 mmol/L or <1.8 mmol/L for very high-risk and high-risk patients, respectively)
• In individuals with lower baseline values of LDL-C, going beyond the achievement of the LDL-C goal ensures a reduction in CV risk
  • Based on the observation: Lower the achieved LDL-C values, the lower the risk of future CV events, with no lower limits for LDL-C values

CLINICAL TRIAL DESIGN: FACTORS TO BE TAKEN INTO CONSIDERATION

• Study design plays a crucial role among the reasons that may explain the failure of a clinical trial

• Patients with lower baseline LDL-C: No matter how effective a drug is, it will inevitably result in a lower risk reduction
• Study duration: Drug benefit during the first year is lower vs subsequent years, which may significantly underestimate a potential effect if the follow-up is too short

STEPWISE APPROACH TO HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA

• According to guidelines, in patients who cannot achieve LDL-C goals with statin monotherapy, a combination therapy is ad- vised, with steps for the addition of drugs that is based on achievement of LDL-C goal

• The most recent clinical trials showed that combination therapy always represents a step forward in the CV prevention
• Question raised: Is it still acceptable to apply a stepwise approach in very-high/high risk patients instead of managing them as soon as possible with the most effective combination therapy?
• This issue must be addressed shortly as it represents a challenge for the future

ADHERENCE TO THERAPY

• Although it is well established that adherence to lipid-lowering therapy increases the survival of patients, goal achievement among patients with established atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease is commonly suboptimal in the clinical practice
• Many patients at high or very-high CV risk are still being treated inadequately (high percentage of patients on a moderate dose of statin, few on statin + ezetimibe, and an even fewer on a proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 inhibitor)
• Gaps still exist between guideline recommendations and clinical practice; current more stringent goals may further increase these gaps
• Awareness of optimal therapy for CV benefit needs to be increased