ACS= acute coronary syndrome ; ESC European Atheroscleros is Society ; ESC=European Society of Cardiology; LDL-C= low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; PCSK9i= proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 inhibitor.

^*Jernberg et al.(2015) conducted an observational,retrospective cohort study that analysed data from mandatory Swedish national registries: the National Inpatient Register(inpatient admission and discharge dates, and main and secondary diagnoses according to International Classification of Diseases, 10th revision, Clinical Modification(ICD-10-CM codes); the Swedish Prescribed Drug Register (all drugs dispensed in Sweden; from 1st July 2005);and the Cause of Death Register ( complete nationwide coverage of date and cause(s)ofdeath).¹ A validation of the National Inpatient Register, where MI diagnoses recorded inpatient journals were compared with National Inpatient Register data, revealed that 95% of all MI diagnoses in the National Inpatient Register are valid.¹ All drugs were classified according to the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical classification system.¹ Individual patient-level data from these registers were linked via the unique personal identification number, which was then replaced by a study identification number prior to further datap rocessing.¹ The data included 97, 254 patients admited to hospital with a primary MI between 1st July 2006 and 30th June 2011(primary MI) and alive 1 week after discharge.¹ 20,567 patients experienced an event with in the primary composite endpoint of risk for non-fatal MI, non-fatal stroke or CV death with in the first 365 days post index MI.¹ The cumulative rate of the primary composite endpoint (MI,stroke or cardiovascular death) was 13.3% and 18.3% during the first 6 and 12 months, respectively, in the MI population.¹ Therefore, of the recurent CV events that occured in the first year post MI,those that happened in the first 6 months has been calclated as 13.3 / 18.3 x 100 = 72.6%.

^*Jernberg et al.(2015) conducted an observational,retrospective cohort study that analysed data from mandatory Swedish national registries: the National Inpatient Register(inpatient admission and discharge dates, and main and secondary diagnoses according to International Classification of Diseases, 10th revision, Clinical Modification(ICD-10-CM codes); the Swedish Prescribed Drug Register (all drugs dispensed in Sweden; from 1st July 2005);and the Cause of Death Register ( complete nationwide coverage of date and cause(s)ofdeath).¹ A validation of the National Inpatient Register, where MI diagnoses recorded inpatient journals were compared with National Inpatient Register data, revealed that 95% of all MI diagnoses in the National Inpatient Register are valid.¹ All drugs were classified according to the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical classification system.¹ Individual patient-level data from these registers were linked via the unique personal identification number, which was then replaced by a study identification number prior to further datap rocessing.¹ The data included 97, 254 patients admited to hospital with a primary MI between 1st July 2006 and 30th June 2011(primary MI) and alive 1 week after discharge.¹ 20,567 patients experienced an event with in the primary composite endpoint of risk for non-fatal MI, non-fatal stroke or CV death with in the first 365 days post index MI.¹ The cumulative rate of the primary composite endpoint (MI,stroke or cardiovascular death) was 13.3% and 18.3% during the first 6 and 12 months, respectively, in the MI population.¹ Therefore, of the recurent CV events that occured in the first year post MI,those that happened in the first 6 months has been calclated as 13.3 / 18.3 x 100 = 72.6%.

Primary hypercholesterolaemia and mixeddyslipidaemia⁵
PRALUENT is indicated in adults with primary hypercholesterolaemia(heterozygous familial and non-familial)or mixed dyslipidaemia,as an adjunct to diet:
• in combination with a statin or statin with other lipid lowering therapies in patients unable to reach LDL-C goals with the maximum tolerated dose of a statin or,
• alone or in combination with other lipid-lowering therapies in patients who are statin-intolerant, or for whom a statin is contraindicated.

Established atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease⁵
PRALUENT is indicated in adults with established atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease to reduce cardiovascular risk by lowering LDL-C levels, as an adjunct to corection of other risk factors:
• in combination with the maximum tolerated dose of a statin with or without other lipid-lowering therapies or,
• alone or in combination with other lipid-lowering therapies inpatients who are statin-intolerant, or for whom a statin is contraindicated.

ODYSSEY OUT COMES was a randomised double-blind, placebo-controledphase 3 study.^5,6~19,000 patients were randomised all patients had experienced a prior CV event defined as myocardial infarction or unstable angina with^2.6 months median time post index event to randomisation.^5,6§ ~90% were on high-intensity statins ( atorvastatin 40 or 80 mg/day or rosuvastatin 20 or 40 mg/day).^6| The safety profile in ODYSSEY OUT COMES was consistent with the overall safety profile described in the phase 3 controled trials.⁵ The only adverse reaction in ODYSSEY OUTCOMES occuring with higher indence compared to placebo was injection site reaction (3.8% in the alirocumab group vs. 2.1% in the placebo group, P<0.0001).⁶

^*Data from the ACS Patient Pathway Project. By means of a 45-minute online questionnaire,data on 2,775 ACS patients(either acute case or follow-up patients) were collected from 555 cardiologists across 7 European countries (France,Germany,Italy,Spain,United Kingdom,Switzerland and the Netherlands) including data on lipid profile, medications,follow-up visit planning,screening for familial hypercholesterolaemia. The aim of this survey was to evaluate the compliance to curent ESC/EAS guidelines during management of ACS and the effectiveness of secondary prevention in post-ACS patients.²

^†EAS/ESC 2019 guidelines recommend lipid levels should be re-evaluated 4–6 weeks after ACS to determine whether a reduction of > 50% from baseline and goal levels of LDL-C < 55mg/dL have been achieved.If the LDL-C goal is not achieved after 4–6 weeks with the maximally tolerated statin dose combination withezetimibeis recommended.If the LDL-C goal is not achieved after 4–6 weeks with the maximally tolerated statin dose and ezetimibe,the addition of a PCSK9i is recommended.³

^‡A post-hoc assessment using data from the ODYSSEY OUT COMES trial. DYSSEY OUT COMES enroled 18,924 patients with an ACS event with in 12 months of enrolment and LDL-C>70 mg/dL,non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol>100 mg/dL or apolipoprotein B>100 mg/dL despite intensive or maximally tolerated statin treatment. Patients were randomised to receive alirocumab or placebo and the proportion of patients achieving updated LDL-C goals of < 55 mg/dL at least one post-baseline measurement are presented.⁶OUTCOMES was consistent with the overall safety profile described in the Phase 3 controled trials.⁵ The only adverse reaction in ODYSSEY OUT COMES occuring with higher incidence compared to placebo was injection site reactions(3.8% in the alirocumab group vs 2.1% in the placebogroup; P< 0.001).⁶

^¥ESC/EAS guideline definition of very high risk = people with any of the following: documented ASCVD, either clinical or unequivocal on imaging; DM with target organ damage( microalbuminuria, retinopathy, or neuropathy),or at least 3 major risk factors, or early onset of Type 1DM of long duration(>20years);severe chronic kidney disease(estimated glomerular filtration rate < 30 ml/min/1.73 m²); a calculated systematic coronary risk evaluation>10% for 10-year risk of fatal CV disease; familial hypercholesterolaemia with ASCVD or with another major risk factor.³

^§Patients were randomised for 1 to 12 months after an acute coronary syndrome and had an LDL-C≥70mg/dL or non-HDL-C≥100 mg/dL,or an ApoB of≥80 mg/dL.⁶Background theraphy: 96% aspirin; 88% P2Y12 inhibitor; 85% beta blocker; 78% AC/ARBs.⁷

ACE = angiotensin-coverting enzyme; ACS = acute coronary syndrome; ARBs = angiotensin II receptor blockers; ASCVD = atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease; CV = cardiovascular; DM = diabetes mellitus; EAS = European Atherosclerosis Society; ESC = European Society of Cardiology; LDL-C = low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; PCSK9i = proprotein covertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 inhibitor;