Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD): Disease Burden and Heterogeneity
1. Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD). Global strategy for the diagnosis, management, and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Updated 2023. Accessed March 16, 2023. https://goldcopd.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/GOLD-2023-ver-1.1-2Dec2022_WMV.pdf.
2. Lareau S, et al. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2018;198:21–22.
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD): Disease Burden and Heterogeneity
COPD is a chronic, heterogeneous, and often progressive inflammatory airway disease that leads to reduced health-related quality of life (HRQoL), diminished exercise capacity, and economic burden1
1. Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD). Global strategy for the diagnosis, management, and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Updated 2023. Accessed March 16, 2023. https://goldcopd.org/wp-content/ uploads/2022/12/GOLD-2023-ver-1.1-2Dec2022_WMV.pdf. 2. Stolz D, et al. Lancet. 2022;400(10356):921-972. 3. Sana A, et al. BMJ Open Respir Res. 2018;5(1):e000246. 4. Han MK, et al. Clin Chest Med. 2020;41(3):329-337. 5. Campos MA, et al. Chest. 2005;128(3):1179-1186. 6. American Lung Association. COPD Trends Brief: Mortality. Accessed April 10, 2023. https://www.lung.org/research/trends-in-lung-disease/copd-trends-brief/copd-mortality. 7. GBD 2015 Chronic Respiratory Disease Collaborators. Lancet Respir Med. 2017;5(9):691-706. 8. Zafari Z, et al. Chest. 2021;159(4):1400-1410. 9. World Health Organization. The top 10 causes of death. Accessed May 2, 2023. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/the-top-10-causesofdeath. 10. Jones PW, et al. Prim Care Respir J. 2012;21(3):329-336. 11. Miravitlles M, Ribera A. Respir Res. 2017;18:67. 12. Seemungal TA, et al. Am J Respir Critical Care Med. 1998;157(5 Pt 1):1418-1422. 13. Jones SE, et al. J Thorac Dis. 2018;10(Suppl 12):S1390-S1399. 14. Suissa S, et al. Thorax. 2012;67(11):957-963. 15. Guarascio AJ, et al. Clinicoecon Outcomes Res. 2013;5:235-245. 16. Wacker ME, et al. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis. 2017;12:3437-3448. 17. Gershon AS, et al. PLoS One. 2019;14(5):e0216741.
Established
COPD risk factors
Cigarette smoking1-4*:
~70% of cases in high-income countries1
~30%–40% of cases in low- and middle-income countries1
Fumes and occupational exposure1-4
Early life factors, such as childhood asthma,
preterm birth, low birth weight1,2,4
Genetic factors, such as SERPINA1 gene mutations
that causes alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency1,2,4,5
Previous infections, such as infections
in childhood or tuberculosis1,2,4
Listed causes are not mutually exclusive.
*Cigarette smoking is the most commonly encountered risk factor in most countries, whereas risk from fumes and occupational exposure are more prominent factors in developing and underdeveloped countries.1,6 1. Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD). Global strategy for the diagnosis, management, and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Updated 2023. Accessed March 16, 2023. https://goldcopd.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/GOLD-2023-ver-1.1-2Dec2022_WMV.pdf. 2. Stolz D, et al. Lancet. 2022;400(10356):921-972. 3. Sana A, et al. BMJ Open Respir Res. 2018;5(1):e000246. 4. Han MK, et al. Clin Chest Med. 2020;41(3):329-337. 5. ampos MA, et al. Chest. 2005;128(3):1179-1186. 6. GBD Chronic Respiratory Disease Collaborators. Lancet Respir Med. 2020;8(6):585-596.
